Thinking activity - Virginia Woolf’s Orlando - A Biography

Welcome to my Blog,

This blog is part of our study. This Thinking activity is based on Virginia Woolf’s Orlando - A Biography was assigned by Megha ma'am Department of English MKBU. In this task, we have to answer some questions mentioned in this blog. https://vaidehi09.blogspot.com/2022/01/movie-screening-vita-and-virginia-by.html and write our own views on Orlando and Vita and Virginia movies in this blog.

Introduction of Writer:

Virginia Woolf

Also Known as - Adeline Virginia Woolf/Stephen

Born - 25 January 1882

Death - 28 March 1941 (aged 59)

Occupation/Known as - Novelist, essayist, publisher, critic

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) was an English writer and one of the foremost modernist writers of the 20th century. She was known for her experimental style, which often explored themes of gender, sexuality, identity, and mental health. Woolf is best known for her novels, including "Mrs. Dalloway," "To the Lighthouse," and "Orlando," as well as her non-fiction works, such as "A Room of One's Own."

Woolf was a member of the influential Bloomsbury Group, a circle of writers, artists, and intellectuals who were known for their bohemian lifestyles and unconventional ideas. Woolf's work is characterized by its stream-of-consciousness narrative style, its emphasis on the interior lives of her characters, and its innovative approach to time and space.

Throughout her life, Woolf struggled with mental health issues, including depression and bipolar disorder. She ultimately died by suicide in 1941, at the age of 59. Despite her struggles, Woolf remains an important figure in modernist literature and her work continues to be studied and celebrated today.

Notable Works -  

• Mrs. Dalloway (1925)
• To the Lighthouse (1927)
• The Voyage Out (1915)
• Jacob's Room (1922)
• Orlando (1928)
• The Waves (1931)
• Night and Day (1919)

[1] In this First question, we have to write some answers to the questions mentioned in the attached blog. 

1. How far do you feel that Orlando is influenced by Vita and Virginia’s love affair? Does it talk only about that or do you find anything else too?

It is widely known that Virginia Woolf's novel "Orlando" was inspired by her romantic relationship with Vita Sackville-West, and many aspects of the novel's plot and characters are thought to be based on their personal experiences. In particular, the character of Orlando is believed to be a composite of Woolf and Sackville-West, with elements of both writers' personalities and lives.

However, "Orlando" is not simply a retelling of Woolf and Sackville-West's love affair. The novel explores a range of themes and issues beyond their relationship, including gender identity, time, history, and literature. The book is a meditation on the nature of identity itself, as Orlando changes gender and experiences life in different historical periods while retaining a sense of continuity and selfhood throughout.

At its core, "Orlando" is a celebration of the power of the imagination and the creative spirit, as embodied by Orlando's artistic pursuits and Woolf's own literary experimentation. The book is a playful and experimental exploration of the nature of biography and history, challenging the reader's assumptions about the stability of identity and the fixity of historical narratives.

Overall, while "Orlando" may have been influenced by Woolf and Sackville-West's relationship, the novel is a rich and complex work that explores a range of themes and issues beyond their personal lives.

2. Who do you think is confused about their identity Vita or Virginia? Explain with illustrations.

That being said, it is widely known that both Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West were queer women who lived in a time when same-sex relationships were not widely accepted or understood. Both writers explored themes of gender and sexuality in their work, and their personal lives undoubtedly influenced their creative output.

However, it is important to remember that identity is a complex and multifaceted concept, and there is no one "correct" way to experience or express one's sense of self. It is not productive or helpful to try to label or categorize individuals based on their sexuality or gender identity.

Ultimately, what is most important is that people are able to live authentically and express themselves in ways that feel true to who they are. As a society, we should strive to create a culture of acceptance and inclusivity, where everyone is able to live without fear of discrimination or prejudice.

3. What is society’s thought about women and identity? Do you agree with them? If Yes then why? If not then why?

Throughout history, society's views on women and identity have been shaped by a variety of cultural, social, and political factors. In many societies, women have been relegated to traditional gender roles and expected to conform to certain expectations about their behavior, appearance, and life choices.

For many years, women were denied access to education and opportunities for personal and professional development, which limited their ability to express themselves and pursue their goals. Women were often seen as secondary to men, and their identities were defined in relation to their roles as wives, mothers, and caretakers.

Thankfully, in recent years, there has been progressing in terms of gender equality and women's rights. Women have gained greater access to education, employment, and political representation, and there is a growing recognition of the importance of diversity and inclusion in all aspects of society.

However, despite this progress, there is still a long way to go before women's identities are fully valued and respected in all contexts. Women continue to face discrimination and marginalization based on their gender, race, ethnicity, and other factors, and there is a need for ongoing efforts to promote gender equality and women's empowerment.

What can we do for changing the rule for that type of society peoples?

Gender roles at home can and should be blurred. We should be teaching all our children to cook, clean, do laundry and fix things around the house – essential life skills for any adult. We should also be aware of cultural inconsistencies in how we treat girls and boys and the messages we are sending our daughters. We need to challenge cultural expectations that women should be responsible for things that men are not. Women are equally capable as men to be successful and happy. Our childhood upbringing and culture should reflect that.

Indian's Views on women and identity

More than half a century ago, India was one of the first countries in the world to elect a woman as prime minister, and the country currently has several highly influential women politicians, including Sonia Gandhi, the head of one of the major national parties. Today, most Indians say that “women and men make equally good political leaders,” and more than one-in-ten feel that women generally make better political leaders than men, according to a recent Pew Research Center survey of nearly 30,000 adults throughout India.

Most Indians (63%) see sons – not daughters – as being primarily responsible for parents’ last rites and burial rituals. Religious funeral practices for loved ones are widely seen as very important, and at least according to Hindu tradition, sons must perform last rites for a parent to ensure freedom for the soul in the afterlife. Recently, women – including actress Mandira Bedi and the daughters of India’s former Chief of Defense Staff – have publicly challenged these norms by lighting family members’ funeral pyres.

4. What are your views on Gender Identity? Will you like to give any message to society?

Gender identity refers to a person's internal sense of their own gender. It is a deeply personal and subjective experience that can differ from the sex assigned at birth, and may not fit into traditional binary categories of male or female.It is also important to recognize the diversity of gender identities and expressions that exist within society, and to promote inclusivity and acceptance for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity. This includes creating safe and supportive spaces for transgender and non-binary individuals and working to address the social and systemic barriers that can prevent them from accessing resources and opportunities.

Gender is a composite of socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities and/or attributes that a given society may consider appropriate for people of an assigned sex. Gender identity, like gender, refers to an individual’s personal sense of being female, male, both, or anywhere along the gender spectrum. Gender identity may or may not correspond to the sex assumed or assigned at birth.

The following is a list of collectively used gender identities and expressions:

Agender: A person who identifies with this term will often consider themselves as not subscribing to any gender identity.

Cisgender: This term is commonly used to refer to people who identify exclusively with the gender assigned at birth.

Demigender: This is a term used to describe a person who feels a connection and/or has an internal leaning toward a particular gender. 

Gender Questioning: Gender questioning describes someone who is questioning all or parts of their gender identity or expression and does not wish to identify themselves with a specific gender identity.

Intergender: Intergender describes a gender identity that is a mix of both masculine and feminine identities.

Multi-Gender: Multi-gender describes people who hold more than one gender identity.

Transgender/Trans: Transgender is used to describing any person who has a gender identity that is different from the gender they were assigned at birth.

5. Write a note on the direction of the movie. Which symbols and space caught your attention while watching the movie?

One notable aspect of the film's direction is its use of visual symbolism and metaphor. The film's surreal and dreamlike visuals are used to convey the fluidity of time and space, as well as the shifting nature of identity. For example, the use of mirrors and reflections throughout the film highlights the idea of duality and the reflection of one's inner self.

Another important element of the film's direction is its use of space and setting. The film is set in various historical periods, including Elizabethan England, the Victorian era, and the present day, and each period is depicted with great attention to detail and historical accuracy. The use of space and setting in the film is also used to convey the changing social and cultural attitudes towards gender and identity over time.

Overall, the direction of "Orlando" is marked by its bold and unconventional approach to storytelling, which is conveyed through its use of visual symbolism, metaphor, and attention to historical detail. The film's exploration of gender and identity remains relevant and thought-provoking, even decades after its initial release.

6. "Vita and Virginia" had to be made into Bollywood Adaptation, who do you think would be fit for the role of Vita and Virginia?

For the role of Vita, an actress with a strong screen presence and charisma would be needed. Some actresses who could potentially play this role include:

1. Priyanka Chopra Jonas
2. Kangana Ranaut

For the role of Virginia, an actress who can convey emotional depth and nuance would be required. Some actresses who could potentially play this role include:

1. Kareena Kapoor Khan
2. Bhumi Pednekar

[2] Compulsory Question: Write your views on the movie Orlando. What differences and similarities have you noticed in the movie Vita and Virginia and Orlando?

Orlando

Directed by - Sally Potter

Based on - Orlando: A Biography by Virginia Woolf

Protagonist/Main Character - Tilda Swinton as Orlando

"Orlando" is a visually stunning and thought-provoking film directed by Sally Potter, based on the novel by Virginia Woolf. The film tells the story of a young nobleman named Orlando who, in the Elizabethan era, is granted immortality by Queen Elizabeth I and experiences a journey of self-discovery through different eras of English history, transforming into a woman along the way.

One of the strengths of the film is its exploration of gender identity and fluidity, which was quite progressive for its time. Tilda Swinton gives an outstanding performance as Orlando, conveying the character's transformation and evolution over several centuries with subtlety and grace. The film's production design, costumes, and music also contribute to its overall beauty and atmosphere.

However, some viewers may find the film's pacing slow and its themes difficult to follow. Additionally, the film's commentary on class and imperialism may feel somewhat dated and overly simplistic to contemporary audiences. "Orlando" is a visually stunning and thematically complex film that is worth watching for its exploration of gender identity and the experience of being human across different eras of history.

What differences and similarities have you noticed in the movie Vita and Virginia 2018 and Orlando?

"Vita and Virginia" (2018) and "Orlando" (1992) are both based on literary works by Virginia Woolf and explore themes of gender identity and sexuality, as well as the lives of women in different historical eras. However, there are also some differences between the two films.

One major difference is in their focus and narrative structure. "Orlando" is centered around the character of Orlando and his/her journey through different eras of English history, while "Vita and Virginia" is primarily focused on the relationship between Virginia Woolf and the writer Vita Sackville-West, which was the inspiration for Woolf's novel "Orlando."

Another difference is in their visual style. "Orlando" is a highly stylized and visually stunning film that incorporates elements of period drama and magical realism. "Vita and Virginia," on the other hand, is a more naturalistic and intimate film that relies on the performances of its two lead actors, Elizabeth Debicki and Gemma Arterton, to convey the complexity of the relationship between Woolf and Sackville-West.

However, both films share a common interest in exploring the lives and experiences of women in different historical contexts, as well as the fluidity of gender and sexuality. Both films also feature strong female characters who challenge societal norms and expectations, and who experience personal and artistic growth through their relationships with other women.

While there are some differences between "Vita and Virginia" and "Orlando," both films offer compelling and thought-provoking explorations of Virginia Woolf's ideas and legacy, as well as the lives and experiences of women throughout history.

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Thinking activity : War Poetry

Welcome to my blog,

This blog is part of our study. This Thinking activity is based on War Poetry and was assigned by Megha ma'am Department of English MKBU. In this task, we have to find any such regional poem/ Bollywood or Hollywood movies/web series/ Patriotic songs which can be compared to these war poems. and then give a proper explanation and write our views on that in this blog.

For this particular, all poems are based on the war. I choose the movies for this 

1. Schindler's List (1993)

2. Saving Private Ryan (1998)

Schindler's List (1993)

Directed by - Steven Spielberg

Based on - Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally

The main character -  Liam Neeson as Oskar Schindler

This video is the official trailer for this movie.

Explanation of Movie:- 

"Schindler's List" is a movie directed by Steven Spielberg, released in 1993, and is based on the true story of a German industrialist named Oskar Schindler. The film follows Schindler's journey during World War II as he uses his factory as a means of saving Jewish people from the concentration camps.

At the beginning of the movie, Schindler, played by Liam Neeson, is shown as a wealthy and self-centered businessman who sees an opportunity to profit from the war by employing Jewish workers in his enamelware factory. However, as he witnesses the atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jews, he begins to sympathize with them and starts to use his influence to save as many as he can. With the help of his accountant, Itzhak Stern, played by Ben Kingsley, Schindler devises a plan to protect his Jewish workers from being sent to concentration camps, by creating a list of names of those who would be transferred to his new factory in Czechoslovakia. By bribing Nazi officials and using his own resources, Schindler saves over 1,100 Jewish people.

Throughout the film, there are numerous emotional scenes that illustrate the horrors of the Holocaust, including the liquidation of the Krakow ghetto and the evacuation of the concentration camps. The movie highlights the bravery and resilience of the Jewish people, who despite the inhumane treatment they received, managed to maintain their dignity and hope.

Overall, "Schindler's List" is a moving and powerful film that portrays one man's struggle to save the lives of many Jewish people during one of the darkest times in human history. It is a story of hope, courage, and compassion that reminds us of the atrocities of the Holocaust and the importance of standing up against injustice.

Ending Scene:-

The ending of "Schindler's List" is a powerful and emotional scene that takes place after the war has ended. Schindler is seen packing up to leave with his wife, and his Jewish workers come to say goodbye and present him with a gift - a ring made from gold fillings that they had secretly saved for him.

Schindler is overcome with emotion and expresses his regret that he could not save more lives. He breaks down and says, "I could have got more out. I could have got more. I don't know. If I'd just... I could have got more."

"I could have got more out. I could have got more. I don't know. If I'd just... I could have got more." - Oskar Schindler

In the final scene, Schindler is seen fleeing the approaching Allied forces and hiding in the mountains with his wife. As the war ends and the Jewish people are liberated, Schindler is seen walking through a crowd of Jewish survivors, dressed in his old Nazi uniform. He pauses, looks at the people he had saved, and then breaks down in tears before leaving.

The movie ends with a shot of the real-life survivors and their descendants visiting Schindler's grave in Jerusalem and placing stones on it as a sign of respect and gratitude.

"Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire." - Itzhak Stern

Saving Private Ryan (1998)

Directed by - Steven Spielberg

Written by - Robert Rodat

Main characters - Tom Hanks as John H. Miller: A determined U.S captain suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder

Edward Burns as Richard Reiben: A rebellious soldier

Tom Sizemore as Mike Horvath: Miller's long-time friend and second-in-command

This video is the official trailer of this movie.

Explanation of Movie:- 

"Saving Private Ryan" is a movie directed by Steven Spielberg, released in 1998, that depicts the experiences of a group of soldiers during the D-Day invasion of Normandy in World War II. The movie centers around a mission to save a single soldier, Private James Francis Ryan, who is the last surviving brother of four soldiers.

The film opens with a powerful and realistic depiction of the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944. The scene is intense and graphic, and shows the chaos and brutality of war as soldiers fight to gain a foothold on the beaches of Normandy.

 After the initial battle, the film follows a group of soldiers led by Captain John H. Miller, played by Tom Hanks, as they receive a mission to find Private Ryan and bring him back to his family. Private Ryan, played by Matt Damon, is a paratrooper who was dropped behind enemy lines in Normandy and is believed to be in imminent danger. As they make their way through enemy territory, the soldiers face numerous challenges and obstacles, including battles with German soldiers and internal conflicts among the group. The mission to save Private Ryan becomes a test of the soldiers' values and a reminder of the human cost of war.

Overall, "Saving Private Ryan" is a powerful and realistic depiction of the brutality and heroism of war, and the importance of brotherhood and sacrifice in times of crisis. The movie portrays the realities of war and the impact it has on those who fight, while also highlighting the bravery and resilience of those who put their lives on the line to protect their country and their comrades.

"Someday we might look back on this and decide that saving Private Ryan was the one decent thing we were able to pull out of this whole god-awful, shitty mess." - Sergeant Horvath

Ending Scene:-

The ending scene of "Saving Private Ryan" is a powerful and emotional moment that takes place many years after the events of the film.

The scene opens with an elderly James Francis Ryan, played by Matt Damon, visiting the grave of Captain John H. Miller, played by Tom Hanks, in a military cemetery in Normandy. As he stands at the grave, he remembers the sacrifice that Miller and his fellow soldiers made to save him, and begins to cry.

The scene then flashes back to the present day, where Ryan is surrounded by his wife, children, and grandchildren. They ask him if he is OK, and he responds by asking them if he was a good man. He says he tries to live a good life because he knows that so many others gave their lives to give him a chance.

As the camera pulls back, the American flag waving in the background, the film ends with a powerful reminder of the human cost of war and the sacrifices made by those who fought and died for their country. It is a poignant and moving conclusion to the film, highlighting the importance of honoring those who gave their lives for the greater good.

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Thinking Activity : Northrop Frye

Welcome to my blog,

This blog is part of our study. This Thinking activity is based on responses to the below-given questions assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir Department of English MKBU. In this task, we have to Give answers to the questions with help of Chat GPT.

1) What is Archetypal Criticism?

2) What is contribution of Northrop Frye in Archetypal Criticism?

3) What do Archetypal Critics do? Explain with examples.

4) "Every organized body of knowledge can be learned progressively; and experience shows that there is also something progressive about the learning of literature. Our opening sentence has already got us into a semantic difficulty." Explain the semantic difficulty. (copy paste in ChatGPT as prompt - and then copy paste the response with your comment regarding how correct explanation is given by chatgpt)

5) as above - "The relation of criticism to religion, when they deal with the same documents, is more complicated. In criticism, as in history, the divine is always treated as a human artifact. God for the critic, whether he finds him in Paradise Lost or the Bible, is a character in a human story".

1. What is Archetypal Criticism?

Answer by Chat GPT

Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticism that focuses on identifying and analyzing recurring symbols, themes, and character types that are present in literature, art, and culture. This approach draws on the work of psychologist Carl Jung and his theory of the collective unconscious, which posits that human beings share a universal, inherited reservoir of experiences and images that shape our understanding of the world.

Archetypal criticism seeks to identify the archetypes, or universal symbols and motifs, that appear in literary works and their significance to the meaning of the text. Archetypes can be seen as recurring patterns that reflect fundamental human experiences and emotions, such as the hero, the villain, the mother, the father, the trickster, and the journey. By examining the use of archetypes in a particular work, archetypal critics aim to uncover the deep-seated, often unconscious, meanings and values that shape our understanding of the text.

Archetypal criticism can be applied to various genres of literature, including myth, folklore, and fairy tales, as well as to modern works of literature. The approach has been influential in shaping literary studies and has helped to illuminate the ways in which literary works connect with broader cultural and psychological themes.

• Archetypal literary criticism is a theory that interprets a text by focusing on recurring myths and archetypes in the narrative and symbols, images character types in a literary work. Archetype denotes recurrent narrative designs, patterns of action, character types, themes and images which are identifiable in a wide variety of works of literature, as well as in myths, dreams and even social rituals. Such recurrent items result from elemental and universal patterns in the human psyche. Archetypal criticism, based on Jung’s psychology, searches texts for collective motifs of the human psyche, which are held to be common to different historical  periods and languages.

2) What is contribution of Northrop Frye in Archetypal Criticism?

Answer by Chat GPT

Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary critic and theorist who made significant contributions to the development of archetypal criticism. His work helped to popularize archetypal criticism and to establish it as a major approach in literary studies.

Frye's main contribution to archetypal criticism is his theory of the "anatomy of criticism," which he outlined in his book "Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays." In this work, Frye identifies four primary modes of literary expression, or "mythoi": the romance, the tragedy, the comedy, and the irony/satire. He argues that these modes reflect fundamental human experiences and that they recur across time and culture, as archetypes do. By identifying these modes, Frye provides a framework for understanding the underlying structures of literary works and how they convey meaning.

Frye also introduced the concept of the "archetypal phase," which refers to the historical period in which certain archetypes are particularly prominent. For example, he argues that the Romantic period in literature was characterized by a focus on the archetype of the "wanderer," while the Renaissance was marked by a fascination with the "tragic hero."

Frye's work has been influential in shaping archetypal criticism and in expanding its scope beyond the study of individual works to a broader understanding of the relationship between literature and culture. His insights into the underlying structures of literary works continue to inform literary studies and the study of archetypes today.

3) What do Archetypal Critics do? Explain with examples.

Answer by Chat GPT

Archetypal critics use the tools of literary analysis to identify and analyze recurring symbols, themes, and character types that are present in literature, art, and culture. By examining the use of archetypes in a particular work, archetypal critics aim to uncover the deep-seated, often unconscious, meanings and values that shape our understanding of the text. Here are a few examples of what archetypal critics do:

Identify archetypes in literature: Archetypal critics identify archetypes, or universal symbols and motifs, that appear in literary works and their significance to the meaning of the text. For example, in "The Great Gatsby," the character of Jay Gatsby can be seen as an archetypal hero who strives to achieve his goals against great odds, while the character of Tom Buchanan can be seen as an archetypal villain who opposes Gatsby's aspirations.

Explore the role of archetypes in cultural myths: Archetypal critics also examine the use of archetypes in cultural myths and folklore. For example, the story of "Cinderella" is a well-known folktale that features archetypal characters such as the wicked stepmother, the fairy godmother, and the prince. By analyzing the use of these archetypes in the story, archetypal critics can gain insights into the cultural values and beliefs that underpin the tale.

Consider the historical context of archetypes: Archetypal critics also consider the historical context of archetypes and how they reflect broader cultural and psychological themes. For example, during the Romantic period in literature, the archetype of the "wanderer" was particularly prominent, reflecting a fascination with the individual quest for meaning and experience. By examining the use of this archetype in works of literature from the Romantic period, archetypal critics can gain insights into the cultural and historical forces that shaped this movement.

4) "Every organized body of knowledge can be learned progressively, and experience shows that there is also something progressive about the learning of literature. Our opening sentence has already got us into a semantic difficulty." Explain the semantic difficulty. 

Answer by Chat GPT

The semantic difficulty in the opening sentence refers to the idea that the term "organized body of knowledge" may not apply in the same way to literature as it does to other fields of study. While other areas of knowledge, such as history or science, may have a clear and organized set of concepts and theories that can be learned progressively, literature may not be so easily categorized.

Literature is often characterized by its complexity, ambiguity, and subjectivity, and there may not be a clear set of rules or principles that apply to every work or every genre. The learning of literature may also involve a deep engagement with language, style, and form, which can be challenging to articulate and transmit through traditional forms of education.

Therefore, the semantic difficulty in the opening sentence reflects the challenge of applying the same modes of learning and teaching that work for other areas of knowledge to the study of literature. While it is possible to learn literature progressively, the nature of the subject may require a different approach to learning and understanding.

• Physics is an organized body of knowledge about nature, and a student of it says that he is learning physics, not that he is learning nature. Art, like nature, is the subject of a systematic study and has to be distinguished from the study itself, which is criticism. It is therefore impossible to “learn literature”: one learns about it in a certain way, but what one learns, transitively, is the criticism of literature. Similarly, the difficulty often felt in “teaching literature” arises from the fact that it cannot be done: the criticism of literature is all that can be directly taught. So while no one expects literature itself to behave like science, there is surely no reason why criticism, as a systematic and organized study, should not be, at least partly, a science. Not a “pure” or “exact” science, perhaps, but these phrases form part of a 19th Century cosmology which is no longer with us. Criticism deals with the arts and may well be something of an art itself, but it does not follow that it must be unsystematic. If it is to be related to the sciences too, it does not follow that it must be deprived of the graces of culture.

5) as above - "The relation of criticism to religion, when they deal with the same documents, is more complicated. In criticism, as in history, the divine is always treated as a human artifact. God for the critic, whether he finds him in Paradise Lost or the Bible, is a character in a human story".

Answer by Chat GPT

The statement suggests that when religion and criticism both engage with the same documents, their relationship is complicated because they approach the subject matter from different perspectives. In criticism, including literary criticism, the divine is treated as a human artifact or creation, rather than an objective, external force. This means that even when the critic examines religious texts, they see God and other divine figures as characters in a human story, rather than as metaphysical entities.

On the other hand, in religion, the divine is often seen as an objective reality that transcends human understanding and is not subject to the same kinds of analysis and critique as human artifacts. This fundamental difference in perspective can make it difficult for religious and critical approaches to literature or other texts to reconcile their interpretations of the same documents.

The statement suggests that the relationship between religion and criticism is complex precisely because they approach the same material from different perspectives. While criticism seeks to understand the human origins and implications of religious texts, religion often assumes the truth and authority of those texts as expressions of divine will. This difference in approach can create tension and disagreement between religious and critical interpretations of the same texts.

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Thinking activity on Transcendentalism

Welcome to my blog,

This blog is part of our study. This Thinking activity is based on Transcendentalism was assigned by Megha ma'am Department of English MKBU. In this task, we have to answer any one of this 1) Transcendentalism is an American Philosophy that influenced American Literature at length. Can you find any Indian/Regional literature or Philosophy that came up with such similar thoughts? OR 2) Apply transcendentalism in any movie, novel, poem, or song, and write your views on that. 

What is Transcendentalism?

Transcendentalism is a philosophical and cultural movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the northeastern United States. It was a reaction against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time, which was perceived as overly rationalistic and mechanistic. The Transcendentalists believed that knowledge could be arrived at through intuition and that the individual's relationship to the divine or the universe could be experienced directly, rather than solely through organized religion or institutions.

Central to Transcendentalist philosophy was the idea of individualism, the belief that each person has their own unique path to understanding the world and their place in it. The movement was heavily influenced by the thoughts of European Romanticism, which celebrated the power of the imagination and emphasized emotion over reason. Transcendentalism had a major impact on American literature, particularly through the works of writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. It also had a significant influence on religious, political, and educational thought in the United States and beyond.

Transcendentalism emerged from "English and German Romanticism, the Biblical criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schleiermacher, the skepticism of David Hume", and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German idealism. Perry Miller and Arthur Versluis regard Emanuel Swedenborg and Jakob Böhme as pervasive influences on transcendentalism. It was also strongly influenced by Hindu texts on the philosophy of the mind and spirituality, especially the Upanishads.

2) Apply transcendentalism in any movie, novel, poem, or song, and write your views on that. 

Wild (2014):

Directed by - Jean-Marc Vallée

Based on - Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail by Cheryl Strayed

This is the main character of the movie.

Reese Witherspoon - Cheryl Strayed

"Wild" is a 2014 movie directed by Jean-Marc Vallée that has been said to have themes of Transcendentalism. The film is based on the memoir "Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail" by Cheryl Strayed and stars Reese Witherspoon as Strayed.

In the movie, Strayed embarks on a solo hike along the Pacific Crest Trail as a way of coping with the death of her mother and the unraveling of her personal life. The film portrays Strayed's journey as a quest for self-discovery and a reconnection with nature. Through her experiences, "Wild" explores Transcendentalist themes of individualism, self-reliance, and the transformative power of nature.

"Wild" is a movie that can be connected to Transcendentalism in several ways:

Individualism: The main character, Cheryl Strayed, embarks on a solo hike along the Pacific Crest Trail as a way of finding herself and healing from personal tragedy. This emphasis on individualism aligns with the Transcendentalist belief in the power of the individual to shape their own life and find meaning through personal experience.

Nature: The film portrays nature as a source of healing and spiritual renewal. Strayed's journey through the wilderness reflects the Transcendentalist idea that the natural world is a source of divine inspiration and that a connection with nature can bring individuals closer to the truth.

We can find many natural elements in the trailer of this movie.

Self-Reliance: Throughout her journey, Strayed relies on herself and her own inner strength to overcome obstacles and find her way. This emphasis on self-reliance aligns with the Transcendentalist ideal that individuals should be autonomous and self-sufficient.

Personal Transformation: The film portrays Strayed's journey as a transformative experience that leads to self-discovery and a deeper understanding of herself and her place in the world. This mirrors the Transcendentalist idea that individuals have the potential to evolve and grow through personal experience and self-reflection.

"Wild" can be seen as a modern interpretation of Transcendentalist ideas about the power of individualism, nature, self-reliance, and personal transformation to bring individuals closer to truth and meaning in life.

"I am bound to face myself, who I am, and what I've done."

This line spoken by the main character, Cheryl Strayed, highlights the Transcendentalist belief in the importance of self-reflection and personal introspection as a means of finding truth and meaning in life

"The world is big, it's full of wonder, and it will find a way to keep going without you."

This line speaks to the Transcendentalist idea of the individual's place in the larger, indifferent universe, and the idea that individuals should strive to live in harmony with nature and the greater good.

End of the Movie

The end of the movie "Wild" shows Cheryl Strayed reaching the end of her journey along the Pacific Crest Trail. After months of hiking, she has come to terms with the loss of her mother and the unraveling of her personal life, and she has found a sense of peace and renewal.

In the final scene, Strayed reflects on her journey and the lessons she has learned along the way. She feels a sense of accomplishment and a deeper connection to herself and the world around her. The film ends with Strayed walking away from the trail, ready to return to the world with a newfound sense of purpose and understanding.

Into the Wild (2007)

Directed by - Sean Penn

Based on - Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer

The main character of the movie...

Emile Hirsch as Chris McCandless a.k.a. Alexander Supertramp

The movie "Into the Wild" (2007) directed by Sean Penn is often seen as having Transcendentalist themes. The movie tells the story of Christopher McCandless, a young man who sets out on a journey of self-discovery and travels into the Alaskan wilderness. The movie emphasizes the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and the transformative power of nature, which aligns with Transcendentalist ideals. Through his journey, McCandless experiences the beauty and majesty of nature and learns about himself and the world around him. The movie can be seen as an exploration of Transcendentalist themes, including the idea that the pursuit of personal experience and understanding can bring individuals closer to a greater understanding of themselves and the world.

The movie "Into the Wild" (2007) can be connected to Transcendentalism in several ways. Here are some specific examples:

Individualism: One of the central themes of Transcendentalism is the importance of individualism and self-reliance. In the movie, Christopher McCandless sets out on a journey of self-discovery, rejecting societal norms and conventions in favor of his own personal experiences. He believes in following his own instincts and pursuing his own truth, which aligns with Transcendentalist ideals.

Nature: Another important aspect of Transcendentalism is the belief in the transformative power of nature. In the movie, McCandless travels into the Alaskan wilderness, where he experiences the beauty and majesty of nature. He finds solace in nature and comes to see it as a source of spiritual renewal, which aligns with the Transcendentalist view of nature as a means of gaining greater understanding and wisdom.

Personal Experience: Transcendentalists believe that personal experience is the most important way of gaining knowledge and understanding. In the movie, McCandless sets out on his journey to gain a deeper understanding of himself and the world. Through his experiences, he learns about himself, the world, and the meaning of life, which aligns with Transcendentalist ideals.

The Search for Truth and Meaning: Transcendentalists believe that truth and meaning can only be found through personal experience and reflection. In the movie, McCandless sets out on his journey in search of truth and meaning, and through his experiences, he comes to a deeper understanding of himself and the world.

"The joy of life comes from our encounters with new experiences, and hence there is no greater joy than to have an endlessly changing horizon, for each day to have a new and different sun." 

This quote from the movie speaks to the idea of personal experience and exploration as a means of gaining knowledge and understanding. The idea that change and new experiences bring joy is a central tenet of Transcendentalism.

The end of the movie shows his diary entries being discovered by a moose hunter, and it is revealed that McCandless died of starvation. Despite his tragic end, the movie ends on a hopeful note, as it shows the impact that McCandless had on those who knew him and those who discovered his diary. Through his journey and experiences, McCandless found a deeper understanding of himself and the world, and he inspired others to pursue their own truth and find their own meaning in life.

Many other movies which are also related to Transcendentalism

1. "Into the Wild" (2007)
2. "Dead Poet's Society" (1989)
3. "A Walk in the Woods" (2015)
4. "The Soloist" (2009)
5. "The Edge of the World" (1937)
6. "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" (2013)
7. "Cast Away" (2000) 

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IAR - Practical Criticism - Figurative Language

Welcome to my blog,

This blog is part of our study. This Thinking activity is based on IAR - Practical Criticism - Figurative Language was assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir Department of English MKBU. In this task, we have to Study reading material on Figurative Language in the first post and then, we have to Study the poem which matches our roll number. we have to problematize the poem by doing veral close reading and then justify it with the help of arguments given by IA Richards in this essay.

Bonsai Tree

A Work of Artifice

The bonsai tree

in the attractive pot

could have grown eighty feet tall

on the side of a mountain

till split by lightning.

But a gardener

carefully pruned it.

It is nine inches high.

Every day as he

whittles back the branches

the gardener croons,

‘It is your nature

to be small and cozy,

domestic and weak;

how lucky, little tree,

to have a pot to grow in’.

With living creatures

one must begin very early

to dwarf their growth:

the bound feet,

the crippled brain,

the hair in curlers,

the hands you

love to touch.

-Marge Piercy

Brief introduction of the poet:

Marge Piercy

Marge Piercy is a prominent American poet, novelist, and feminist activist. She was born in 1936 in Detroit, Michigan, and is considered one of the most important feminist writers of the 20th century.

Piercy is the author of numerous books of poetry and fiction, including the novels "Woman on the Edge of Time" and "Gone to Soldiers." Her work often explores themes of social justice, feminism, and political activism, and she is known for her strong voice and commitment to activism and political change.

In addition to her writing, Piercy is also known for her activism and political activism. She has been involved in numerous political and social justice movements, including the feminist movement, the anti-war movement, and the civil rights movement.

Throughout her career, Piercy has received numerous awards and honors for her work, including the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature and the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry. She continues to be an influential figure in contemporary American literature and a powerful voice for social justice and political activism.

The poem raises several important issues and questions about societal expectations and limitations, gender roles, and the impact of cultural norms on individuals.

Problematize the poem:-

1. The crippled brain / the hair in curlers

These both suggest that the poem is explicitly talking about women, not just humans in general.

2. "Could have grown Eighty feet tall"

This statement is not biologically feasible, as bonsai trees are not a species of tree with a natural height of 80 feet.

3. Domestic and weak

This interpretation is subjective and could be challenged by those who see bonsai trees as strong and resilient due to their ability to thrive in small containers and survive harsh pruning.

Analysis of the poem: 

American poet and writer Marge Piercy (1936-) grew up and came of age in the Midwest. She first began publishing her poems in the 1960s, and much of her writing reflects the social and political themes of that time, especially as they related to women’s lives. In 1976, Piercy published Woman on the Edge of Time, which has since been credited as the birthplace of the cyberpunk genre.

Piercy’s poem “A Work of Artifice” similarly engages with the role of women in society. It begins by discussing a bonsai tree that must be cultivated and guided in order to form its shape. Without the care of man, the tree would grow much larger and appear much wilder than it does from in its pot. It quickly becomes evident that the narrator is hardly talking about a tree at all. For the narrator, the way that men control the bonsai tree is a metaphor for the way in which women have been controlled through “bound feet” and other standards of beauty and respectability. In this case, being loved and “pruned” means that neither a bonsai nor a woman will be allowed to reach her full potential.

Metaphors in the poem:

1. The Bonsai Tree

In Marge Piercy's poem "The Bonsai Tree," the bonsai tree serves as a metaphor for the societal expectations and limitations imposed on individuals, particularly women. The tree's potential for great height and strength is limited by the gardener's pruning, just as individuals' potential for growth and fulfillment is limited by societal expectations and norms.

2. "The bound feet" and "the crippled brain." 

These restrictions symbolize the limitations imposed on individuals by societal expectations and norms, particularly for women.

3. "hair in curlers" and "the hands you love to touch" 

These metaphors are for societal expectations and norms around beauty and gender roles. The poem critiques these cultural norms and expectations, suggesting that individuals should resist these pressures and assert their individuality.

Rhyme scheme: 

Free verse

Aim of the poem:

The aim of "The Bonsai Tree" by Marge Piercy is to critique societal expectations and limitations imposed on individuals, particularly women, and encourage them to break free from these pressures in order to reach their full potential and lead fulfilling lives.

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Thinking Activity - Waiting for Godot

 Welcome to my Blog,

This blog is part of our study. This Thinking activity is based on Waiting for Godot was assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir Department of English MKBU. In this task, we have to give responses of Points to ponder based on our understanding of these concepts. 

Waiting for Godot

Introduction of Author:

Samuel Beckett- (1906-1989)

Samuel Beckett was born on April 13, 1906, in Foxrock, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. He was the son of a wealthy builder and was raised in a Protestant family. Beckett was educated at Trinity College Dublin, where he studied French, Italian, and English literature. After graduation, he worked as a teacher and traveled extensively throughout Europe, settling in Paris in the late 1930s.

In Paris, Beckett became involved in the city's artistic and intellectual circles and began to write in French and English. His early works, including the novels "Murphy" (1938) and "Watt" (1953), and the play "Eleutheria" (1947), were heavily influenced by his interest in philosophy and the works of James Joyce.

However, it was not until the 1950s that Beckett achieved international recognition with his play "Waiting for Godot" premiere in Paris in 1953. This play, considered a landmark of the Theater of the Absurd movement, tells the story of two tramps waiting for a mysterious figure named Godot who never arrives. The play was a critical and commercial success and cemented Beckett's reputation as one of the leading playwrights of his generation.

In addition to "Waiting for Godot," Beckett wrote a number of other plays that explore themes of existentialism and the search for meaning in a meaningless world, including "Endgame" (1957), "Krapp's Last Tape" (1958), and "Happy Days" (1961). He also wrote several novels, including the highly regarded "Molloy" (1951), "Malone Dies" (1951), and "The Unnamable" (1953). Throughout his career, Beckett continued to explore new artistic avenues, including radio plays and television plays. He was also known for his strict control over the production of his works, often insisting on specific lighting and staging directions.

In 1969, Beckett was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his "new forms of artistic expression, within the great European tradition." He continued to write and direct plays until his death on December 22, 1989. Samuel Beckett's contributions to literature and theater have had a lasting impact, and he remains one of the most important and influential playwrights of the 20th century.

Introduction of the play:

Waiting for Godot

"Waiting for Godot" is a play written by Samuel Beckett that was first performed in Paris in 1953. The play is considered a landmark of the Theater of the Absurd movement and is widely regarded as one of the greatest plays of the 20th century. The play follows the story of two tramps, Vladimir and Estragon, who are waiting by a tree for the arrival of a mysterious figure named Godot. As they wait, they engage in conversation, play games, and make attempts to pass the time. However, Godot never arrives and the two tramps are left in a state of suspended anticipation.

The play is notable for its sparse language, its exploration of existential themes such as the search for meaning and the human condition, and its portrayal of the passage of time. "Waiting for Godot" has been interpreted in many different ways, with some seeing it as a commentary on the meaninglessness of human existence and others as a reflection on the human need for hope and companionship. Regardless of interpretation, "Waiting for Godot" remains a classic of modern theater and continues to be performed and studied around the world.

Points to ponder:

1.1.  Why does Beckett grow a few leaves in Act II on the barren tree - The tree has four or five leaves?

The growth of leaves on the barren tree in Act II of Samuel Beckett's play "Waiting for Godot" can be interpreted as a symbol of hope and the passage of time. The appearance of leaves on the previously barren tree suggests that change and growth are possible, even in a seemingly desolate and hopeless situation. The growth of leaves can also be seen as a reminder of the cyclical nature of life and the inevitability of change. 

Leaves on the tree is open to interpretation and can vary depending on the individual reader or viewer's interpretation of the play.

1.2. Can we do any political reading of the play if we see European nations represented by the 'names' of the characters (Vladimir - Russia; Estragon - France; Pozzo - Italy and Lucky - England)? What interpretation can be inferred from the play written just after World War II? Which country stands for 'Godot'?

We can interpret the political reading in which Vladimir stands for Russia, Pozzo stands for Italy, Lucky stands for England and Estragon stand for France. So, we can connect this to the world war in which these all countries were destroyed by Godot means Germany that is why Vladimir asked the boy is Godot beating?

Germany stands for Godot. So we connect Godot with Germany means Hitler. Because he was ruling in Germany, the way he excommunicated the Jews from his country is very much significant and relevant to the play. Both the tramps one or another way threw by their nations. The way they wait for Godot is similar to the way Jews wait for Hitler to accept them.

1.3. In Act I, in reply to Boy’s question:

"BOY: What am I to tell Mr. Godot, Sir?

VLADIMIR: Tell him . . . (he hesitates) . . . tell him you saw us. (Pause.) You did see us, didn't you?

How does this conversation go in Act II? What is the significance?

In Act II of "Waiting for Godot," the conversation between the Boy and Vladimir is similar to that in Act I. The Boy asks the same question: "What am I to tell Mr. Godot, Sir?" and Vladimir replies with the same words: "Tell him . . . (he hesitates) . . . tell him you saw us. (Pause.) You did see us, didn't you?"

The significance of this repetition lies in the recurring themes of the play, such as the cyclical nature of time, the futility of waiting, and the possibility that nothing has changed despite the passage of time. The repetition of the conversation highlights the sense of stasis and repetition in the lives of the characters, who are stuck in a seemingly endless cycle of waiting for Godot. 

1.4. In both Acts, evening falls into night and moon rises. How would you interpret this ‘coming of night and moon’ when actually they are waiting for Godot?

Beckett wants to highlight the indifferent nature. As Nature never waits for anyone, it doesn't matter whether a person was sad or happy, nature never cares for them. The natural process of the environment never stops for anyone. Similarly, in this play, Vladimir and Estragon wait for Godot, and in this process of waiting they do various things to pass their time, sometimes they feel totally disappointed.

The repetition of the evening falling into the night and the moon rising in both Acts of "Waiting for Godot" can be interpreted as a symbol of the passing of time and the inevitability of change. The characters are waiting for Godot, but despite their expectations and hopes, nothing seems to change and time continues to pass. The coming of night and the moon symbolize the changing of the day and the passing of time, reminding the characters that their waiting is fruitless and that time moves forward regardless of their desires.

The rising of the moon can also be interpreted as a symbol of hope and the unknown. The moon is often associated with mystery and the unknown, and its rising suggests the possibility of new beginnings and new possibilities. In the context of the play, this may represent the hope that Godot will eventually arrive, or it may symbolize the characters' yearning for something new and different in their lives.

The repetition of the coming of night and the moon in both Acts of "Waiting for Godot" serves to reinforce the themes of the passing of time and the futility of waiting, and adds a layer of symbolism to the play's exploration of the human condition.

1.5. What is the meaning of the terms ‘Apathia, Aphasia and Athambia’ in Lucky’s speech? “. . . divine apathia divine athambia divine aphasia loves us dearly with some exceptions for reasons unknown …”

Apathia (lacking emotion), athambia (being unflappable), and aphasia (an inability to speak or communicate) are crucial, add interesting nuance to the ideas of God that Beckett is referencing, or do little more than litter the speech. These are questions to address throughout all Lucky’s speech.

"Apathia" refers to a lack of emotion or feeling, and suggests that the characters are detached from their own experiences and are unable to feel any connection to the world around them.

"Aphasia" refers to a difficulty in using or understanding language, and suggests that the characters are unable to communicate their thoughts and feelings effectively. This ties into the play's themes of existential confusion and the futility of communication.

"Athambia" is a made-up term that appears to refer to a sense of confusion or existential disorientation. This adds to the sense of absurdity and the play's exploration of the human condition.

1.6. ‘A better solution to the tramp’s predicament than to wait – is, suicide”. Is it really so? Why they fail to commit suicide? 

In the play "Waiting for Godot," the characters of Vladimir and Estragon are in a predicament of waiting for the arrival of the mysterious Godot. The idea of suicide is raised as a potential solution to their situation, but it is not presented as a desirable or better option. Instead, the play suggests that their inability to take action, whether it be to end their lives or to leave their current situation, is a result of their lack of agency and purpose.

Furthermore, the characters' repeated failed attempts at suicide highlight the futility and meaninglessness of their existence. The play raises questions about the purpose of life and the human condition and suggests that the characters' struggle to find meaning is a universal one. The play ultimately portrays the characters' waiting and inability to take action as a commentary on the human condition and the lack of agency and purpose in a world without a clear meaning or direction.

1.7. Explain: “Godot might become as image of what Sartre calls “Bad Faith””.

In Jean-Paul Sartre's philosophy, "bad faith" refers to the phenomenon of self-deception and inauthenticity in which individuals hide from the truth of their existence and create false beliefs and values to avoid facing their freedom and responsibility. In the play "Waiting for Godot," the character's waiting for Godot can be interpreted as an example of bad faith. By waiting for Godot, the characters avoid taking action and making decisions about their lives, thereby hiding from the truth of their existence and the responsibilities that come with it.

The character's waiting for Godot can be seen as a manifestation of their desire for a higher power or authority to provide meaning and direction in their lives, rather than taking responsibility for their own existence. In this sense, Godot becomes an image of bad faith because the characters use their waiting as a way to avoid facing the truth of their situation and the reality of their freedom.

This play suggests that waiting for something or someone to provide meaning and direction is an example of bad faith, and that individuals must take responsibility for their own existence and make decisions about their lives based on their own values and beliefs.

1.8. Explain: “One hardly feels the absurdity of some things, on the one hand, and the necessity of those other things, on the other, (for it is rare that feeling of absurdity is not followed by the feeling of necessity), when one feels the absurdity of those things of which one had just felt the necessity (for it is rare that the feeling of necessity is not followed by the feeling of absurdity)”

This statement is exploring the idea of the paradoxical nature of human existence, particularly in regards to our understanding of what is absurd and what is necessary. It suggests that our perceptions of what is absurd and what is necessary can change, and that it is common to oscillate between these two feelings.

In essence, the statement is suggesting that the distinction between what is absurd and what is necessary is not always clear or absolute, and that these feelings can change and be reinterpreted depending on our experiences and perspectives. It highlights the uncertainty and ambiguity of the human experience and raises questions about the stability of our beliefs and values.

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